The Dynamics, Rituals, and Chinese Identity at Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple (慈德宫, Cí dé gōng), Pasuruan-Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.9744/kata.27.2.121-135Keywords:
MaZu, Pasuruan, Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple, Indonesia, Chinese identityAbstract
This paper examines how the Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple in Pasuruan, Indonesia, was a reinvention of the MaZu pilgrimage and how the Pasuruan Chinese have preserved the Mazu Belief to the present day. The Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple in Pasuruan, Indonesia, has more than a hundred years of history. During the Soeharto presidency, the Indonesian Chinese were subject to many restrictions that altered the ceremonial activities of the traditional Mazu belief. However, after 2000, many local Chinese temples started reorganizing the pilgrimage activities, and the believers in Pasuruan City are no exception. This study used a field survey to collect the first data, including direct participation in the pilgrimage activities and interviews with temple committees and worshippers. The results of this study show that after more than three decades of restrictions, many young Chinese no longer speak Chinese, which allows for different rituals to be practiced as well as different rituals for traditional Mazu Beliefs. This study demonstrates that although there are some differences, the Mazu Belief and pilgrimage contribute to identifying Chinese Indonesian identity.
Downloads
References
Campbell, D. M. (1915). Java: Past & present. William Heinemann.
Cangianto, A. (2012). Menghayati kelenteng sebagai ekspresi masyarakat Tionghoa [Experiencing the temple as an expression of Chinese society] [Unpublished manuscript]. Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Parahyangan.
Chan, M. (2018). Inherent multiculturalism: An ancient Chinese practice becomes a part of the Indonesian everyday. In Proceedings of the Asia and the Pacific Conference for Social Sciences and Management (APCSSM). Singapore Management University.
Chan, M., Goh, R., Choo, P., & Tan, B. (2014). Tangki war magic: The virtuality of spirit warfare and the actuality of peace. Social Analysis, 58(1), 25-46. https://doi.org/10.3167/sa.2014.580102
Chia, J.M.-T. (2007). Ah Ma and her beliefs: The migrant experience and religious practices of a Chinese immigrant woman in twentieth century Singapore. Marburg Journal of Religion, 12(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.17192/mjr.2007.12.3606
Duara, P. (2008). Religion and citizenship in China and the diaspora. In M. M.-h. Yang (Ed.), Chinese religiosities: Afflictions of modernity and state formation (pp. 43-64). University of California Press.
Franke, W., Salmon, C., & Xiao, G. (1997). Chinese epigraphic materials in Indonesia (Vol. 2). South Seas Society.
Groeneveldt, W.P. (2018). Nusantara dalam catatan Tionghoa: Historical notes on Indonesia & Malaya compiled from Chinese sources (Edisi dwi bahasa). Komunitas Bambu.
Hananya, G. A. (2020). Language ideologies of young Chinese Surabayanese's motivation in learning Mandarin in post Suharto era. k@ta, 22(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.9744/kata.22.1.46-54
Handinoto. (2000). Perkembangan kota dan arsitektur di Pasuruan dan Probolinggo pada jaman kolonial (1800-1940) [Urban and architectural development in Pasuruan and Probolinggo during the colonial era (1800-1940)]. Petra Christian University.
Hobsbawm, E., & Ranger, T. (2012). The invention of tradition. Cambridge University Press.
Huang, W.-L., Chen, S., Huang, S., Xiong, Y., & Huang, D. (2020). Both sides of the Strait: The origin and dissemination of Mazu culture. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Literature, Art and Human Development (ICLAHD 2020) (Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Vol. 497, pp. 703-705). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201215.530
Leiden University Libraries (1922). Pasoeroean City Map [Map]. Leiden University. https://ubl.webattach.nl/cgi-bin/iipview?krtid=9760&name=03953.JPG&marklat=-7.63878&marklon=112.90704&sid=4kjhn38372625&seq=15&serie=0&lang=1&ssid=&resstrt=140&svid=970624&dispx=1510&dispy=737#focus
Liang, X. (2020). Pútián māzǔ xìn sú dòngtài yánjiū―yǐ 2018 nián de zuìxīn pǔchá wèi duìxiàng [A dynamic study of Mazu belief and customs in Putian ― On the Census of 2018]. Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies, 13, 681-692. 梁曦. (2020). 莆田妈祖信俗动态研究―以2018年的最新普查为对象. 関西大学文化交渉学教育研究, 13, 681-692.
Lombard, D. (1996). Nusa Jawa: Silang budaya II (edisi revisi). Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Moerthiko. (1980). Riwayat klenteng, vihara, lithang, tempat ibadat TriDharma se-Jawa [History of temples, monasteries, lithangs, TriDharma places of worship in Java]. Sekretariat Empeh Wong Kam Fu.
Olivia. (2010). History of affiliation with the Fengdexuan Temple Puppet Theatre Troupe in Surabaya, Indonesia. Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore, 170, 233-281. https://doi.org/10.30157/JCRTF.201012.0006
Phan, T. H. L., & Tran, H. M. P.. (2021). Mazu - The Chinese Sea Goddess Transforming into Mother Goddess in Vietnam Urban Areas - A Case Study at Mazu Temple in Pho Hien, Vietnam. Suvannabhumi, 13(2), 37-67. https://doi.org/10.22801/svn.2021.13.2.37
Pradana, B. (2021). THHK riwayatmu kini: Jejak sekolah Tionghoa di Kota Pasuruan [THHK Your History Now: Traces of Chinese schools in Pasuruan City]. SMA Negeri 1 Kota Pasuruan. https://sman1-pasuruan.sch.id/informasi/artikel/thhk-riwayatmu-kini-jejak-sekolah-tionghoa-di-kota-pasuruan/
Praptiyono, K. (2019). Hubungan korelasi antara tradisi budaya Tionghoa dengan Agama Buddha. Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains Sosial, dan Agama, 5(1), 125-144. https://doi.org/10.53565/pssa.v5i1.52
Ramstedt, M. (2004). Introduction: Negotiating identities – Indonesian ‘Hindus’ between local, national, and global interests. In M. Ramstedt (Ed.), Hinduism in modern Indonesia: A minority religion between local, national, and global interests (pp. 1-34). Routledge.
Schechner, R. (2020). Performance studies: An introduction. Routledge.
Sutrisno, E. L. (2018). Negotiating the Confucian religion in Indonesia: Invention, resilience, and revival (1900 – 2010). Department of Anthropology, University of Washington.
Tsuda, K. (2011). Kajinsei no Minzoku-shi: Taisei-tenkanki Indonesia no Chiho-toshi no Field kara [Ethnography of Chineseness: From the field of a local city in Indonesia during the period of regime transition]. Sekaishisosha. https://doi.org/10.14890/jjcanth.76.3_363. 津田浩司. 2011. 『｢華人性｣の民族誌―体制転換期インドネシアの地方都市のフィールドから』, 世界思想社.
Tsuda, K. (2015). Systematizing Chinese Religion: The challenges of ‘three-teaching’ organizations in contemporary Indonesia. (R. T. L. Tjondro, Trans.; DORISEA Working Paper Series No. 18, pp. 1–15). DORISEA.
Wang, G. (1991). China and the Chinese overseas. Time Academic Press.
Xie, Q., & Lin, K. (2018). Mazu culture: The media of cross-strait emotional communication [妈祖文化：两岸情感沟通的媒介]. Mazu Culture Research, 7(3), 50–58.
Xu, Y. (2021). Harmony and coexistence between folk belief and modern society: A case study of the “Chinese Gypsy” folk belief and its logic of social dependence [民间信仰与当代社会的和合共生——以“中国吉普赛人”民间信仰及其社会的依存逻辑为例]. Contemporary China Studi, 8(1), 87-103.
Yang, C.-J. (2018). Belief legend of Mazu and spirit of sea merchants [媽祖信仰故事與海商精神]. Journal of the Liberal Arts, 27, 99-120.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Olivia, Toetik Koerbadiati, Dede Oetomo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License
.png)
.png)
