The Rhetoric of Covid-19 Pandemics: Insights from The Indonesian Government’s Public Media Statements
Keywords:
Covid-19 Pandemics, Indonesian Government, Media, Rhetoric
Abstract
In response to the Covid-19 outbreak, the Indonesian government must take anticipatory steps to fight against global infections increasingly unsettling the public. Many media have highlighted the government's way of dealing with the pandemics, such as providing the latest news and information related to Covid-19. In this light, this study aims to identify the rhetorical appeals used in Indonesian government statements in times of Covid-19 pandemics and describe how those rhetorical appeals used by Indonesian government public addresses from The Jakarta Post online edition from March until December 2020. This study is expected to look at how texts and practices during the pandemic and its panic were in line with the Indonesian government to support their case. The result of this study can be used as a reference for the lecturers who want to help their students understand texts and their practices in online media. In addition, this study is expected to add new content to the study of rhetoric and discourse analysis and how the language of the pandemic is represented in the media.
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References
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Asif, M., Zhiyong, D., & Arif, M. S. (2020). Rhetorical analysis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and impact of social media during pandemic. Euro¬pean Academic Research, 8(5), 2455–2464.
Askim, J., & Bergström, T. (2021). Between lockdown and calm down: Comparing the COVID-19 responses of Norway and Sweden. Local Govern¬¬ment Studies, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2021.1964477
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Beason, L. (1991). Strategies for establishing an effective persona: An analysis of appeals to ethos in business speeches. Journal of Business Com¬munication, 28(4), 326–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/002194369102800403
Bell, S., Hindmoor, A., & Mools, F. (2010). Persuasion as governance: A state-centric relational perspec¬tive. Public Administration, 88(3), 851–870. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.018 38.x
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https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-801246
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Do, Q. T., Toda, T., Neubig, G., Sakti, S., & Nakamura, S. (2016). A hybrid system for continuous word-level emphasis modeling based on HMM state clustering and adaptive training. Interspeech 2016, 3196–3200. https://doi.org/ 10.21437/Interspeech.2016-930
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Firmonasari, A., & Syabana, R. A. (2020). Inves¬tiga¬ting representation ethos emotif in 2007 French presidential election. K@ta, 22(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.9744/kata.22.1.17-27
Fleming, D. (1998). Rhetoric as a course of study. College English, 61(2), 169–191. https://doi.org/10.2307/378878
Fletcher, R., & Park, S. (2017). The impact of trust in the news media on online news consumption and participation. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 1281–1299. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1279979
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Gorrell, R. M. (1984). Bottom as rhetorician: Voice and tone. Rhetoric Review, 2(2), 157–162.
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Gunawan, S. (2013). Driving home persuasive mes¬sages in Barack Obama’s closing argument “one week.†K@ta, 15(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.9744/kata.15.1.47-56
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Herrick, J. A. (2005). The history and theory of rhetoric: An introduction. Allyn and Bacon.
Higgins, C., & Walker, R. (2012). Ethos, logos, pathos: Strategies of persuasion in social/environmental reports. Accounting Forum, 36(3), 194–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2012.02.003
Ihlen, Ø., Toledano, M., & Just, S. N. (2021). Using rhetorical situations to examine and improve vaccination communication. Frontiers in Com¬munication, 6(697383). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.697383
Jerit, J. (2004). Survival of the fittest: Rhetoric during the course of an election campaign. Political Psychology, 25(4), 563–575.
Keith, W. M., & Lundberg, C. O. (2008). The essential guide to rhetoric. Bedford/St. Martin’s.
Kjeldsen, J. E., Ihlen, Ø., Just, S. N., & Larsson, A. O. (2022). Expert ethos and the strength of networks: Negotiations of credibility in mediated debate on COVID-19. Health Promotion Inter¬national, 37(2).
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daab095
Koller, V. (2005). Critical discourse analysis and social cognition: Evidence from business media discourse. Discourse & Society, 16(2), 199–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926505049621
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: A methods source¬book. Sage Publications.
Mills, A., Durepos, G., & Wiebe, E. (2010). Encyclo¬pedia of case study research. SAGE Publications.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412957397
Minozzi, W., Esterling, K., Lazer, D., & Neblo, M. (2013). Logos, ethos, pathos: Mechanisms of persuasion in a deliberative field experiment. Paper Prepared for the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting Chicago IL, April 13th, 2012, 1–19. https://polisci.osu.edu/sites/ polisci.osu.edu/files/NebloLEPdraft061214.pdf
Murphy-Gregory, H. (2018). Governance via persua¬sion: Environmental NGOs and the social license to operate. Environmental Politics, 27(2), 320–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2017.1373429
Neblo, M. A., Esterling, K. M., Lazer, D., & Minozzi, W. (2012). Logos, ethos, & pathos: Mechanisms of persuasion in a deliberative field experiment. APSA 2012 Annual Meeting Paper.
Niu, Y., & Xu, F. (2020). Deciphering the power of isolation in controlling COVID-19 outbreaks. The Lancet Global Health, 8(4), e452–e453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30085-1
Perkin, C. (2010). Beyond the rhetoric: Negotiating the politics and realising the potential of communityâ€driven heritage engagement. International Jour¬nal of Heritage Studies, 16(1–2), 107–122.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250903441812
Phelan, J. (2014). Voice, tone, and the rhetoric of narrative communication. Language and Litera¬ture: International Journal of Stylistics, 23(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947013511723
Rosenthal, R. (1967). Unintended communication of interpersonal expectations. American Behavioral Scientist, 10(8), 24–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764201000806
Roy, A., Newman, A., Ellenberger, T., & Pyman, A. (2019). Outcomes of international student mobi¬le¬¬ty programs: A systematic review and agenda for future research. Studies in Higher Education, 44(9), 1630–1644.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0307 5079.2018.1458222
Roziqin, A., Mas’udi, S. Y. F., & Sihidi, I. T. (2021). An analysis of Indonesian government policies against COVID-19. Public Administration and Policy, 24(1), 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-08-2020-0039
Schilb, J. (2007). Rhetorical refusals: Defying audi¬ences’ expectations. Southern Illinois University Press.
Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative content analysis. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (pp. 170–183). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243.n12
Selzer, J. H. (2013). "Pay for playâ€: Analysis of the image restoration strategies of high-profile college athletes. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 4(3), 1–5. http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=820
Setiawaty, V., Kosasih, H., Mardian, Y., Ajis, E., Prasetyowati, E. B., Siswanto, & Karyana, M. (2020). The identification of first COVID-19 cluster in Indonesia. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(6), 2339–2342. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0554
Shahnaz, A., & Imtiaz, A. (2014). How a text binds together: Discourse analysis of a newspaper article. International Journal of English and Education, 3(1), 228–249.
Sohal, S., & Kaur, H. (2019). Communicating with voters on YouTube: Content analysis of the relationship between advertisement message characteristics and viewers’ responses. Manage¬ment and Labour Studies, 44(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042X18822901
Teo, T. (2014). Encyclopedia of critical psychology. Springer.
Teten, R. L. (2007). “We the peopleâ€: The “modern†rhetorical popular address of the presidents during the founding period. Political Research Quarterly, 60(4), 669–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907304495
Vickers, B. (1994). Repetition and emphasis in rheoric: Theory and practice. Swiss Papers in English Language and Literature, 7, 85–114.
West, R, & Turner, L. (2017). Introducing communi¬caton theory: Analysis and application (6th ed.). MGraw-Hill.
Windt, O. (1986). Presidential rhetoric: Definition of a field study. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 6(1), 102–116.
Xu, Y., Margolin, D., & Niederdeppe, J. (2021). Testing strategies to increase source credibility through strategic message design in the context of vaccination and vaccine hesitancy. Health Com¬munication, 36(11), 1354–1367.
https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10410236.2020.1751400
Young J. J. (2003). Constructing, persuading and silencing: The rhetoric of accounting standards. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(6), 621–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(02)00016-8
Ahmad, N. (2021). Presidential rhetoric in the COVID-19 pandemic era: Jokowi’s Aristotelian rhetorical leadership models before and after implementation of semi-lock down policy. Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, 6(1), 72–85. https://doi.org/10.25008/jkiski.v6i1.538
Akmal, S., Habiburrahim, H., Muluk, S., & Ravi, M. (2020). The language of propaganda in president Bush Jr. political speech. Jurnal Ilmiah Peura¬deun, 8(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v8i1.405
Al-Momani, K. R. (2014). Strategies of persuasion in letters of complaint in academic context: The case of Jordanian university students’ complaints. Discourse Studies, 16(6), 705–728. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445614546257
Asif, M., Zhiyong, D., & Arif, M. S. (2020). Rhetorical analysis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and impact of social media during pandemic. Euro¬pean Academic Research, 8(5), 2455–2464.
Askim, J., & Bergström, T. (2021). Between lockdown and calm down: Comparing the COVID-19 responses of Norway and Sweden. Local Govern¬¬ment Studies, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2021.1964477
Bartlett, R. C., & Collins, S. D. (2011). Aristotle’s nicomachean ethics. Chicago University Press.
Beason, L. (1991). Strategies for establishing an effective persona: An analysis of appeals to ethos in business speeches. Journal of Business Com¬munication, 28(4), 326–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/002194369102800403
Bell, S., Hindmoor, A., & Mools, F. (2010). Persuasion as governance: A state-centric relational perspec¬tive. Public Administration, 88(3), 851–870. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2010.018 38.x
Bitzer, L. F. (1986). The rhetorical situation. The Rhe¬to¬¬rical Situation, 1, 1–14.
Bjørkdahl, K., Kjeldsen, J. E., Villadsen, L., & Vigsø, O. (2021). Argumentum ad solidaritatem: Rhe¬torical leadership strategies in Scandinavia during COVID-19. In M. Lewis, E. Govender, & K. Holland (Eds.), Communicating COVID-19: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 163–184). Pal¬grave Macmillan.
Blair, J. A., & Johnson, R. H. (2000). Informal logic: An overview. Informal Logic, 20(2), 93–107.
https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v20i2.2262
Bolatito, O. (2012). Linkage between persuasion principles and advertising. New Media and Mass Communication, 8(1), 7–11.
Burke, K. (1969). A rhetoric of motives. University of California Press.
Burke, K. (1951). Rhetoric-Old and new. The Journal of General Education, 5(3), 202–209.
http://www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/kenneth_burke_-_rhetoricold_and_new__ 1951.pdf
Çağlayan, S. (2021). A rhetorical analysis of the Covid-19 pandemic process: Turkish minister of health Dr. Fahrettin Koca’s press briefings. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, 1(60), 27–62.
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2021-801246
Carroll, L. B. (2010). Backpacks vs. briefcases: Steps toward rhetorical analysis. In C. Lowe & P. Zemliansky (Eds.), Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing (Vol. 1, pp. 45–58). Parlor Press.
Covino, W. A., & Jolliffe, D. A. (1995). Rhetoric: Concepts, definitions, boundaries. Allyn and Bacon.
Crusius, T. (2010). The aims of argument: A brief guide (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Demirdöğen, Ü. D. (2010). The roots of research in (political) persuasion: Ethos, pathos, logos and the Yale studies of persuasive communications. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 3(1), 189–201.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijsi/ issue/17732/185728
Do, Q. T., Toda, T., Neubig, G., Sakti, S., & Nakamura, S. (2016). A hybrid system for continuous word-level emphasis modeling based on HMM state clustering and adaptive training. Interspeech 2016, 3196–3200. https://doi.org/ 10.21437/Interspeech.2016-930
Edley, N., & Litosseliti, L. (2010). Contemplating interviews and focus groups. In L. Litosseliti (Ed.), Research Methods in Linguistics (pp. 155–179). Continuum.
Firmonasari, A., & Syabana, R. A. (2020). Inves¬tiga¬ting representation ethos emotif in 2007 French presidential election. K@ta, 22(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.9744/kata.22.1.17-27
Fleming, D. (1998). Rhetoric as a course of study. College English, 61(2), 169–191. https://doi.org/10.2307/378878
Fletcher, R., & Park, S. (2017). The impact of trust in the news media on online news consumption and participation. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 1281–1299. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1279979
Foss, S. K., Foss, K. A., & Trapp, R. (2002). Contem¬porary perspectives on rhetoric (3rd ed.). Waveland Press.
Gorrell, R. M. (1984). Bottom as rhetorician: Voice and tone. Rhetoric Review, 2(2), 157–162.
Griffin, E. (2006). The rhetoric of Aristotle: First look at communication theory (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Gunawan, S. (2013). Driving home persuasive mes¬sages in Barack Obama’s closing argument “one week.†K@ta, 15(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.9744/kata.15.1.47-56
Hartelius, E. J., & Browning, L. D. (2008). The application of rhetorical theory in managerial research: A literature review. Management Communication Quarterly, 22, 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318908318513
Herrick, J. A. (2005). The history and theory of rhetoric: An introduction. Allyn and Bacon.
Higgins, C., & Walker, R. (2012). Ethos, logos, pathos: Strategies of persuasion in social/environmental reports. Accounting Forum, 36(3), 194–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accfor.2012.02.003
Ihlen, Ø., Toledano, M., & Just, S. N. (2021). Using rhetorical situations to examine and improve vaccination communication. Frontiers in Com¬munication, 6(697383). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.697383
Jerit, J. (2004). Survival of the fittest: Rhetoric during the course of an election campaign. Political Psychology, 25(4), 563–575.
Keith, W. M., & Lundberg, C. O. (2008). The essential guide to rhetoric. Bedford/St. Martin’s.
Kjeldsen, J. E., Ihlen, Ø., Just, S. N., & Larsson, A. O. (2022). Expert ethos and the strength of networks: Negotiations of credibility in mediated debate on COVID-19. Health Promotion Inter¬national, 37(2).
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daab095
Koller, V. (2005). Critical discourse analysis and social cognition: Evidence from business media discourse. Discourse & Society, 16(2), 199–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926505049621
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: A methods source¬book. Sage Publications.
Mills, A., Durepos, G., & Wiebe, E. (2010). Encyclo¬pedia of case study research. SAGE Publications.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412957397
Minozzi, W., Esterling, K., Lazer, D., & Neblo, M. (2013). Logos, ethos, pathos: Mechanisms of persuasion in a deliberative field experiment. Paper Prepared for the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting Chicago IL, April 13th, 2012, 1–19. https://polisci.osu.edu/sites/ polisci.osu.edu/files/NebloLEPdraft061214.pdf
Murphy-Gregory, H. (2018). Governance via persua¬sion: Environmental NGOs and the social license to operate. Environmental Politics, 27(2), 320–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2017.1373429
Neblo, M. A., Esterling, K. M., Lazer, D., & Minozzi, W. (2012). Logos, ethos, & pathos: Mechanisms of persuasion in a deliberative field experiment. APSA 2012 Annual Meeting Paper.
Niu, Y., & Xu, F. (2020). Deciphering the power of isolation in controlling COVID-19 outbreaks. The Lancet Global Health, 8(4), e452–e453. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30085-1
Perkin, C. (2010). Beyond the rhetoric: Negotiating the politics and realising the potential of communityâ€driven heritage engagement. International Jour¬nal of Heritage Studies, 16(1–2), 107–122.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250903441812
Phelan, J. (2014). Voice, tone, and the rhetoric of narrative communication. Language and Litera¬ture: International Journal of Stylistics, 23(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963947013511723
Rosenthal, R. (1967). Unintended communication of interpersonal expectations. American Behavioral Scientist, 10(8), 24–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764201000806
Roy, A., Newman, A., Ellenberger, T., & Pyman, A. (2019). Outcomes of international student mobi¬le¬¬ty programs: A systematic review and agenda for future research. Studies in Higher Education, 44(9), 1630–1644.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0307 5079.2018.1458222
Roziqin, A., Mas’udi, S. Y. F., & Sihidi, I. T. (2021). An analysis of Indonesian government policies against COVID-19. Public Administration and Policy, 24(1), 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAP-08-2020-0039
Schilb, J. (2007). Rhetorical refusals: Defying audi¬ences’ expectations. Southern Illinois University Press.
Schreier, M. (2014). Qualitative content analysis. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (pp. 170–183). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243.n12
Selzer, J. H. (2013). "Pay for playâ€: Analysis of the image restoration strategies of high-profile college athletes. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 4(3), 1–5. http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=820
Setiawaty, V., Kosasih, H., Mardian, Y., Ajis, E., Prasetyowati, E. B., Siswanto, & Karyana, M. (2020). The identification of first COVID-19 cluster in Indonesia. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(6), 2339–2342. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0554
Shahnaz, A., & Imtiaz, A. (2014). How a text binds together: Discourse analysis of a newspaper article. International Journal of English and Education, 3(1), 228–249.
Sohal, S., & Kaur, H. (2019). Communicating with voters on YouTube: Content analysis of the relationship between advertisement message characteristics and viewers’ responses. Manage¬ment and Labour Studies, 44(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042X18822901
Teo, T. (2014). Encyclopedia of critical psychology. Springer.
Teten, R. L. (2007). “We the peopleâ€: The “modern†rhetorical popular address of the presidents during the founding period. Political Research Quarterly, 60(4), 669–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907304495
Vickers, B. (1994). Repetition and emphasis in rheoric: Theory and practice. Swiss Papers in English Language and Literature, 7, 85–114.
West, R, & Turner, L. (2017). Introducing communi¬caton theory: Analysis and application (6th ed.). MGraw-Hill.
Windt, O. (1986). Presidential rhetoric: Definition of a field study. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 6(1), 102–116.
Xu, Y., Margolin, D., & Niederdeppe, J. (2021). Testing strategies to increase source credibility through strategic message design in the context of vaccination and vaccine hesitancy. Health Com¬munication, 36(11), 1354–1367.
https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10410236.2020.1751400
Young J. J. (2003). Constructing, persuading and silencing: The rhetoric of accounting standards. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(6), 621–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(02)00016-8
Published
2024-03-01
How to Cite
Akmal, S., Al-Lail, S., & Maulida, T. A. (2024). The Rhetoric of Covid-19 Pandemics: Insights from The Indonesian Government’s Public Media Statements. K@ta: A Biannual Publication on the Study of Languange and Literature, 26(00), 119-130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.9744/kata.26.00.119-130
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License
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